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3.2.15. Typical Values

Other values to add - please let us know

3.2.15.1. Generic Properties

Property	General Type	Value	Description	Reference
Albedo	Non Vegetated	0.09	Paved Helsinki	Järvi et al. [2014]
	Non Vegetated	0.15	Buildings Helsinki	Järvi et al. [2014]
	Non Vegetated	0.19	Bare Soil, Helsinki	Järvi et al. [2014]
	Non Vegetated	0.12	Paved	Oke [2002]
	Non Vegetated	0.15	Buildings	Oke [2002]
	Non Vegetated	0.21	Bare Soil	Oke [2002]
Emissivity	Non Vegetated	0.95	Paved	Oke [2002]
	Non Vegetated	0.91	Buildings	Oke [2002]
	Non Vegetated	0.93	Bare Soil	Oke [2002]
Surface Water storage capacity	Non Vegetated	0.48	Paved	Davies and Hollis [1981]
	Non Vegetated	0.25	Buildings	Falk and Niemczynowicz [1978]
Albedo	Vegetation	0.1	EveTr
	Vegetation	0.12	DecTr
	Vegetation	0.18	Grass
	Vegetated	0.1	EveTr Helsinki	Järvi et al. [2014]
	Vegetated	0.16	DecTr Helsinki	Järvi et al. [2014]
	Vegetated	0.19	Grass Helsinki	Järvi et al. [2014]
	Vegetated	0.1	EveTr	Oke [2002]
	Vegetated	0.18	DecTr	Oke [2002]
	Vegetated	0.21	Grass	Oke [2002]
Emissivity	Vegetated	0.98	EveTr	Oke [2002]
	Vegetated	0.98	DecTr	Oke [2002]
	Vegetated	0.93	Grass	Oke [2002]
water Storage Minimum capacity (mm)	Vegetated	1.3	EveTr	Breuer et al. [2003]
	Vegetated	0.3	DecTr	Breuer et al. [2003]
	Vegetated	1.9	Grass	Breuer et al. [2003]
Maximum water storage capacity of this surface [mm]	Vegetated	1.3	EveTr	Breuer et al. [2003]
	Vegetated	0.8	DecTr	Grimmond and Oke (1991)
	Vegetated	1.9	Grass	Breuer et al. [2003]
Albedo Max (leaf on)	Vegetated	0.12	DecTr
	Vegetated	0.18	Grass
	Vegetated	0.1	EveTr Helsinki	Järvi et al. [2014]
	Vegetated	0.16	DecTr Helsinki	Järvi et al. [2014]
	Vegetated	0.19	Grass Helsinki	Järvi et al. [2014]
	Vegetated	0.1	EveTr	Oke [2002]
	Vegetated	0.18	DecTr	Oke [2002]
	Vegetated	0.21	Grass	Oke [2002]
Emissivity *View factors should be taken into account	Vegetated	0.98	EveTr	Oke [2002]
Emissivity *View factors should be taken into account	Vegetated	0.98	DecTr	Oke [2002]
Emissivity *View factors should be taken into account	Vegetated	0.93	Grass	Oke [2002]
Minimum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] Min & max values are to account for seasonal variation (e.g. leaf-on/leaf-off differences for vegetated surfaces).	Vegetated	1.3	EveTr	Breuer et al. [2003]
	Vegetated	0.3	DecTr	Breuer et al. [2003]
	Vegetated	1.9	Grass	Breuer et al. [2003]
	Vegetated	1.3	EveTr	Breuer et al. [2003]
	Vegetated	0.8	DecTr	Grimmond and Oke (1991)
	Vegetated	1.9	Grass	Breuer et al. [2003]
AlbedoMin	Water	0.1	Water	Oke [2002]
AlbedoMax	Water	0.1	Water	Oke [2002]
Emissivity	Water	0.95	Water	Oke [2002]
Minimum water storage capacity of this surface [mm]	Water	0.5	Water
Maximum water storage capacity for upper surfaces (i.e. canopy)	Water	0.5	Water
WetThreshold	water	0.5	Water
StateLimit Upper limit to the surface state [mm] State cannot exceed this value. Set to a large value (e.g. 20000 mm = 20 m) if the water body is substantial (lake| river| etc) or a small value (e.g. 10 mm) if water bodies are very shallow (e.g. fountains).	Water	20000	Water
RadMeltFactor	Snow	0.0016	Hourly radiation melt factor of snow [mm W-1 h-1]
TempMeltFactor	Snow	0.12	Hourly temperature melt factor of snow [mm °C -1 h-1]
AlbedoMin	Snow	0-1	Minimum snow albedo [-] - 0.18	Järvi et al. [2014]
AlbedoMax * Maximum snow albedo (fresh snow) [-]	Snow	0.85		Järvi et al. [2014]
Emissivity * Effective surface emissivity. * View factors should be taken into account	Snow	0.99	Snow	Järvi et al. [2014]
tau_a * Time constant for snow albedo aging in cold snow [-]	Snow	0.018		Järvi et al. [2014]
tau_f *Time constant for snow albedo aging in melting snow [-]	Snow	0.11		Järvi et al. [2014]
PrecipiLimAlb	Snow	2	Limit for hourly precipitation when the ground is fully covered with snow. Then snow albedo is reset to AlbedoMax [mm]
snowDensMin	Snow	100	Fresh snow density [kg m-3]
snowDensMax	Snow	400	Maximum snow density [kg m-3]
tau_r *Time constant for snow density ageing [-]	Snow	0.043		Järvi et al. [2014]
CRWMin *Minimum water holding capacity of snow [mm]	Snow	0.05		Järvi et al. [2014]
CRWMax *Maximum water holding capacity of snow [mm]	Snow	0.2		Järvi et al. [2014]
PrecipLimSnow	Snow	2.2	Temperature limit when precipitation falls as snow [°C]	Auer [1974]
SoilDepth	Snow	350	Depth of sub-surface soil store [mm] *depth of soil beneath the surface
SoilStoreCap	Soil	150	Capacity of sub-surface soil store [mm]
			how much water can be stored in the sub-surface soil when at maximum capacity.
			(SoilStoreCap must not be greater than SoilDepth.)
SatHydraulicCond	Soil	0.0005	Hydraulic conductivity for saturated soil [mm s-1]
SoilDensity	Soil	1.16	Soil density [kg m-3]
InfiltrationRate	Soil		Infiltration rate [mm h-1]
OBS_SMDepth	Soil		Depth of soil moisture measurements [mm]
OBS_SMCap	Soil		Maxiumum observed soil moisture [m3 m-3 or kg kg-1]
OBS_SoilNotRocks	Soil		Fraction of soil without rocks [-]

3.2.15.2. Storage Heat Flux Related

• Values determined from the literature

• If you have recommendations for others to be included please let us know.

• In the model run, canyons are excluded

Surface type	Description	a1	a2	a3	Reference
Canyon	E-W canyon	0.71	0.04	-39.7	Yoshida et al. [1990]
	N-S canyon	0.32	0.01	-27.7	Nunez and Oke [1977]
Vegetation	Mixed forest	0.11	0.11	-12.3	McCaughey [1985]
	Short grass	0.32	0.54	-27.4	Doll et al. [1985]
	Bare soil	0.38	0.56	-27.3	Novak [1981]
	Bare soil (wet)	0.33	0.07	-34.9	Fuchs and Hadas [1972]
	Bare soil (dry)	0.65	0.43	-36.5	Fuchs and Hadas [1972]
	Bare soil	0.36	0.27	-42.4	Asaeda and Ca [1993]
	Water Shallow – Turbid	0.5	0.21	-39.1	South et al. [1998]
	Unirrigated grass (Crops)	0.21	0.11	-16.1	Grimmond [1992]
	Short irrigated grass	0.35	-0.01	-26.3	Grimmond [1992]
Roof	Tar and gravel, Vancouver	0.17	0.1	-17	Yap [1973]
	Uppsala	0.44	0.57	-28.9	Taesler [1980]
	Membrane and concrete, Kyoto	0.82	0.34	-55.7	Yoshida et al. [1990]
	Average gravel/tar/conc. flat industrial, Vancouver	0.25	0.92	-22	Meyn and Oke [2009]
	Dry –gravel/tar/conc. flat industrial, Vancouver	0.25	0.7	-22	Meyn and Oke [2009]
	Wet – gravel/tar/conc. flat industrial, Vancouver	0.25	0.7	-22	Meyn and Oke [2009]
	Bitumen spread over flat industrial membrane, Vancouver	0.06	0.28	-3	Meyn and Oke [2009]
	Asphalt shingle on plywood residential roof , Vancouver	0.14	0.33	-6	Meyn and Oke [2009]
	Star – high albedo asphalt shingle residential roof	0.09	0.18	-1	Meyn and Oke [2009]
	Star - Ceramic Tile	0.07	0.26	-6	Meyn and Oke [2009]
	Star - Slate Tile	0.08	0.32	0	Meyn and Oke [2009]
	Helsinki – Suburban	0.19	0.54	-15.1	Järvi et al. [2014]
	Montreal – Suburban	0.12	0.24	-4.5	Järvi et al. [2014]
	Montreal – Urban	0.26	0.85	-21.4	Järvi et al. [2014]
Impervious	Concrete	0.81	0.1	-79.9	Doll et al. [1985]
	Concrete	0.85	0.32	-28.5	Asaeda and Ca [1993]
	Asphalt	0.36	0.23	-19.3	NARITA et al. [1984]
	Asphalt	0.64	0.32	-43.6	Asaeda and Ca [1993]
	Asphalt	0.82	0.68	-20.1	Anandakumar [1999]
	Asphalt (winter)	0.72	0.54	-40.2	Anandakumar [1999]
	Asphalt (summer)	0.83	-0.83	-24.6	Anandakumar [1999]