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4.2.15. Typical Values¶
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4.2.15.1. Generic Properties¶
Property | General Type | Value | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albedo | Non Vegetated | 0.09 | Paved Helsinki | Järvi et al. (2014) |
Albedo | Non Vegetated | 0.15 | Buildings Helsinki | Järvi et al. (2014) |
Albedo | Non Vegetated | 0.19 | Bare Soil, Helsinki | Järvi et al. (2014) |
Albedo | Non Vegetated | 0.12 | Paved | Oke (1987) |
Albedo | Non Vegetated | 0.15 | Buildings | Oke (1987) |
Albedo | Non Vegetated | 0.21 | Bare Soil | Oke (1987) |
Emissivity | Non Vegetated | 0.95 | Paved | Oke (1987) |
Emissivity | Non Vegetated | 0.91 | Buildings | Oke (1987) |
Emissivity | Non Vegetated | 0.93 | Bare Soil | Oke (1987) |
Surface Water storage capacity | Non Vegetated | 0.48 | Paved | Davies and Hollis (1981) |
Surface Water storage capacity | Non Vegetated | 0.25 | Buildings | Falk and Niemczynowicz (1978) |
Albedo | Vegetation | 0.10 | EveTr | |
Albedo | Vegetation | 0.12 | DecTr | |
Albedo | Vegetation | 0.18 | Grass | |
Albedo | Vegetated | 0.10 | EveTr Helsinki | Järvi et al. (2014) |
Albedo | Vegetated | 0.16 | DecTr Helsinki | Järvi et al. (2014) |
Albedo | Vegetated | 0.19 | Grass Helsinki | Järvi et al. (2014) |
Albedo | Vegetated | 0.10 | EveTr | Oke (1987) |
Albedo | Vegetated | 0.18 | DecTr | Oke (1987) |
Albedo | Vegetated | 0.21 | Grass | Oke (1987) |
Emissivity | Vegetated | 0.98 | EveTr | Oke (1987) |
Emissivity | Vegetated | 0.98 | DecTr | Oke (1987) |
Emissivity | Vegetated | 0.93 | Grass | Oke (1987) |
water Storage Minimum capacity (mm) | Vegetated | 1.3 | EveTr | Breuer et al. (2003) |
water Storage Minimum capacity (mm) | Vegetated | 0.3 | DecTr | Breuer et al. (2003) |
water Storage Minimum capacity (mm) | Vegetated | 1.9 | Grass | Breuer et al. (2003) |
Maximum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] | Vegetated | 1.3 | EveTr | Breuer et al. (2003) |
Maximum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] | Vegetated | 0.8 | DecTr | Grimmond and Oke (1991) |
Maximum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] | Vegetated | 1.9 | Grass | Breuer et al. (2003) |
Albedo Max(leaf on) | Vegetated | 0.12 | DecTr | |
Albedo Max(leaf on) | Vegetated | 0.18 | Grass | |
Albedo Max(leaf on) | Vegetated | 0.10 | EveTr Helsinki | Järvi et al. (2014) |
Albedo Max(leaf on) | Vegetated | 0.16 | DecTr Helsinki | Järvi et al. (2014) |
Albedo Max(leaf on) | Vegetated | 0.19 | Grass Helsinki | Järvi et al. (2014) |
Albedo Max(leaf on) | Vegetated | 0.10 | EveTr | Oke (1987) |
Albedo Max(leaf on) | Vegetated | 0.18 | DecTr | Oke (1987) |
Albedo Max(leaf on) | Vegetated | 0.21 | Grass | Oke (1987) |
Emissivity *View factors should be taken into account | Vegetated | 0.98 | EveTr | Oke (1987) |
Emissivity *View factors should be taken into account | Vegetated | 0.98 | DecTr | Oke (1987) |
Emissivity *View factors should be taken into account | Vegetated | 0.93 | Grass | Oke (1987) |
Minimum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] *Min & max values are to account for seasonal variation (e.g. leaf-on/leaf-off differences for vegetated surfaces). | Vegetated | 1.3 | EveTr | Breuer et al. (2003) |
Minimum water storage capacity of this surface [mm]*Min and max values are to account for seasonal variation (e.g. leaf-on/leaf-off differences for vegetated surfaces). | Vegetated | 0.3 | DecTr | Breuer et al. (2003) |
Minimum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] *Min and max values are to account for seasonal variation (e.g. leaf-on/leaf-off differences for vegetated surfaces). | Vegetated | 1.9 | Grass | Breuer et al. (2003) |
Maximum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] *Min and max values are to account for seasonal variation (e.g. leaf-on/leaf-off differences for vegetated surfaces) | Vegetated | 1.3 | EveTr | Breuer et al. (2003) |
Maximum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] *Min and max values are to account for seasonal variation (e.g. leaf-on/leaf-off differences for vegetated surfaces) | Vegetated | 0.8 | DecTr | Grimmond and Oke (1991) |
Maximum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] *Min and max values are to account for seasonal variation (e.g. leaf-on/leaf-off differences for vegetated surfaces) | Vegetated | 1.9 | Grass | Breuer et al. (2003) |
AlbedoMin | Water | 0.1 | Water | Oke (1987) |
AlbedoMax | Water | 0.1 | Water | Oke (1987) |
Emissivity | Water | 0.95 | Water | Oke (1987) |
Minimum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] | Water | 0.5 | Water | |
Maximum water storage capacity for upper surfaces (i.e. canopy) | Water | 0.5 | Water | |
WetThreshold | water | 0.5 | Water | |
StateLimit *Upper limit to the surface state [mm] *State cannot exceed this value. *Set to a large value (e.g. 20000 mm = 20 m) if the water body is substantial (lake| river| etc) or a small value (e.g. 10 mm) if water bodies are very shallow (e.g. fountains). | Water | 20000 | Water | |
RadMeltFactor | Snow | 0.0016 | Hourly radiation melt factor of snow [mm W-1 h-1] | |
TempMeltFactor | Snow | 0.12 | Hourly temperature melt factor of snow [mm °C -1 h-1] | |
AlbedoMin | Snow | 0-1 | Minimum snow albedo [-] - 0.18 | Järvi et al. (2014) |
AlbedoMax *Maximum snow albedo (fresh snow) [-] | Snow | 0.85 | Järvi et al. (2014) | |
Emissivity *Effective surface emissivity. *View factors should be taken into account | Snow | 0.99 | Snow | Järvi et al. (2014) |
tau_a *Time constant for snow albedo aging in cold snow [-] | Snow | 0.018 | Järvi et al. (2014) | |
tau_f *Time constant for snow albedo aging in melting snow [-] | Snow | 0.11 | Järvi et al. (2014) | |
PrecipiLimAlb | Snow | 2 | Limit for hourly precipitation when the ground is fully covered with snow. Then snow albedo is reset to AlbedoMax [mm] | |
snowDensMin | Snow | 100 | Fresh snow density [kg m-3] | |
snowDensMax | Snow | 400 | Maximum snow density [kg m-3] | |
tau_r *Time constant for snow density ageing [-] | Snow | 0.043 | Järvi et al. (2014) | |
CRWMin *Minimum water holding capacity of snow [mm] | Snow | 0.05 | Järvi et al. (2014) | |
CRWMax *Maximum water holding capacity of snow [mm] | Snow | 0.20 | Järvi et al. (2014) | |
PrecipLimSnow | Snow | 2.2 | Temperature limit when precipitation falls as snow [°C] | Auer (1974) [Au74] |
SoilDepth | Snow | 350 | Depth of sub-surface soil store [mm] *depth of soil beneath the surface | |
SoilStoreCap | Soil | 150 |
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SatHydraulicCond | Soil | 0.0005 | Hydraulic conductivity for saturated soil [mm s-1] | |
SoilDensity | Soil | 1.16 | Soil density [kg m-3] | |
InfiltrationRate | Soil | Infiltration rate [mm h-1] | ||
OBS_SMDepth | Soil | Depth of soil moisture measurements [mm] | ||
OBS_SMCap | Soil | Maxiumum observed soil moisture [m3 m-3 or kg kg-1] | ||
OBS_SoilNotRocks | Soil | Fraction of soil without rocks [-] |