4.2.15. Typical Values¶

Other values to add - please let us know

4.2.15.1. Generic Properties¶

Property	General Type	Value	Description	Reference
Albedo	Non Vegetated	0.09	Paved Helsinki	Järvi et al. (2014)
Albedo	Non Vegetated	0.15	Buildings Helsinki	Järvi et al. (2014)
Albedo	Non Vegetated	0.19	Bare Soil, Helsinki	Järvi et al. (2014)
Albedo	Non Vegetated	0.12	Paved	Oke (1987)
Albedo	Non Vegetated	0.15	Buildings	Oke (1987)
Albedo	Non Vegetated	0.21	Bare Soil	Oke (1987)
Emissivity	Non Vegetated	0.95	Paved	Oke (1987)
Emissivity	Non Vegetated	0.91	Buildings	Oke (1987)
Emissivity	Non Vegetated	0.93	Bare Soil	Oke (1987)
Surface Water storage capacity	Non Vegetated	0.48	Paved	Davies and Hollis (1981)
Surface Water storage capacity	Non Vegetated	0.25	Buildings	Falk and Niemczynowicz (1978)
Albedo	Vegetation	0.10	EveTr
Albedo	Vegetation	0.12	DecTr
Albedo	Vegetation	0.18	Grass
Albedo	Vegetated	0.10	EveTr Helsinki	Järvi et al. (2014)
Albedo	Vegetated	0.16	DecTr Helsinki	Järvi et al. (2014)
Albedo	Vegetated	0.19	Grass Helsinki	Järvi et al. (2014)
Albedo	Vegetated	0.10	EveTr	Oke (1987)
Albedo	Vegetated	0.18	DecTr	Oke (1987)
Albedo	Vegetated	0.21	Grass	Oke (1987)
Emissivity	Vegetated	0.98	EveTr	Oke (1987)
Emissivity	Vegetated	0.98	DecTr	Oke (1987)
Emissivity	Vegetated	0.93	Grass	Oke (1987)
water Storage Minimum capacity (mm)	Vegetated	1.3	EveTr	Breuer et al. (2003)
water Storage Minimum capacity (mm)	Vegetated	0.3	DecTr	Breuer et al. (2003)
water Storage Minimum capacity (mm)	Vegetated	1.9	Grass	Breuer et al. (2003)
Maximum water storage capacity of this surface [mm]	Vegetated	1.3	EveTr	Breuer et al. (2003)
Maximum water storage capacity of this surface [mm]	Vegetated	0.8	DecTr	Grimmond and Oke (1991)
Maximum water storage capacity of this surface [mm]	Vegetated	1.9	Grass	Breuer et al. (2003)
Albedo Max(leaf on)	Vegetated	0.12	DecTr
Albedo Max(leaf on)	Vegetated	0.18	Grass
Albedo Max(leaf on)	Vegetated	0.10	EveTr Helsinki	Järvi et al. (2014)
Albedo Max(leaf on)	Vegetated	0.16	DecTr Helsinki	Järvi et al. (2014)
Albedo Max(leaf on)	Vegetated	0.19	Grass Helsinki	Järvi et al. (2014)
Albedo Max(leaf on)	Vegetated	0.10	EveTr	Oke (1987)
Albedo Max(leaf on)	Vegetated	0.18	DecTr	Oke (1987)
Albedo Max(leaf on)	Vegetated	0.21	Grass	Oke (1987)
Emissivity *View factors should be taken into account	Vegetated	0.98	EveTr	Oke (1987)
Emissivity *View factors should be taken into account	Vegetated	0.98	DecTr	Oke (1987)
Emissivity *View factors should be taken into account	Vegetated	0.93	Grass	Oke (1987)
Minimum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] *Min & max values are to account for seasonal variation (e.g. leaf-on/leaf-off differences for vegetated surfaces).	Vegetated	1.3	EveTr	Breuer et al. (2003)
Minimum water storage capacity of this surface [mm]*Min and max values are to account for seasonal variation (e.g. leaf-on/leaf-off differences for vegetated surfaces).	Vegetated	0.3	DecTr	Breuer et al. (2003)
Minimum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] *Min and max values are to account for seasonal variation (e.g. leaf-on/leaf-off differences for vegetated surfaces).	Vegetated	1.9	Grass	Breuer et al. (2003)
Maximum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] *Min and max values are to account for seasonal variation (e.g. leaf-on/leaf-off differences for vegetated surfaces)	Vegetated	1.3	EveTr	Breuer et al. (2003)
Maximum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] *Min and max values are to account for seasonal variation (e.g. leaf-on/leaf-off differences for vegetated surfaces)	Vegetated	0.8	DecTr	Grimmond and Oke (1991)
Maximum water storage capacity of this surface [mm] *Min and max values are to account for seasonal variation (e.g. leaf-on/leaf-off differences for vegetated surfaces)	Vegetated	1.9	Grass	Breuer et al. (2003)
AlbedoMin	Water	0.1	Water	Oke (1987)
AlbedoMax	Water	0.1	Water	Oke (1987)
Emissivity	Water	0.95	Water	Oke (1987)
Minimum water storage capacity of this surface [mm]	Water	0.5	Water
Maximum water storage capacity for upper surfaces (i.e. canopy)	Water	0.5	Water
WetThreshold	water	0.5	Water
StateLimit Upper limit to the surface state [mm] State cannot exceed this value. *Set to a large value (e.g. 20000 mm = 20 m) if the water body is substantial (lake\| river\| etc) or a small value (e.g. 10 mm) if water bodies are very shallow (e.g. fountains).	Water	20000	Water
RadMeltFactor	Snow	0.0016	Hourly radiation melt factor of snow [mm W-1 h-1]
TempMeltFactor	Snow	0.12	Hourly temperature melt factor of snow [mm °C -1 h-1]
AlbedoMin	Snow	0-1	Minimum snow albedo [-] - 0.18	Järvi et al. (2014)
AlbedoMax *Maximum snow albedo (fresh snow) [-]	Snow	0.85		Järvi et al. (2014)
Emissivity Effective surface emissivity. View factors should be taken into account	Snow	0.99	Snow	Järvi et al. (2014)
tau_a *Time constant for snow albedo aging in cold snow [-]	Snow	0.018		Järvi et al. (2014)
tau_f *Time constant for snow albedo aging in melting snow [-]	Snow	0.11		Järvi et al. (2014)
PrecipiLimAlb	Snow	2	Limit for hourly precipitation when the ground is fully covered with snow. Then snow albedo is reset to AlbedoMax [mm]
snowDensMin	Snow	100	Fresh snow density [kg m-3]
snowDensMax	Snow	400	Maximum snow density [kg m-3]
tau_r *Time constant for snow density ageing [-]	Snow	0.043		Järvi et al. (2014)
CRWMin *Minimum water holding capacity of snow [mm]	Snow	0.05		Järvi et al. (2014)
CRWMax *Maximum water holding capacity of snow [mm]	Snow	0.20		Järvi et al. (2014)
PrecipLimSnow	Snow	2.2	Temperature limit when precipitation falls as snow [°C]	Auer (1974) [Au74]
SoilDepth	Snow	350	Depth of sub-surface soil store [mm] *depth of soil beneath the surface
SoilStoreCap	Soil	150	Capacity of sub-surface soil store [mm] how much water can be stored in the sub-surface soil when at maximum capacity. (SoilStoreCap must not be greater than SoilDepth.)
SatHydraulicCond	Soil	0.0005	Hydraulic conductivity for saturated soil [mm s-1]
SoilDensity	Soil	1.16	Soil density [kg m-3]
InfiltrationRate	Soil		Infiltration rate [mm h-1]
OBS_SMDepth	Soil		Depth of soil moisture measurements [mm]
OBS_SMCap	Soil		Maxiumum observed soil moisture [m3 m-3 or kg kg-1]
OBS_SoilNotRocks	Soil		Fraction of soil without rocks [-]

4.2.15.2. Storage Heat Flux Related¶

4.2.15.2.1. OHM Coefficients¶

Values determined from the literature
If you have recommendations for others to be included please let us know.
In the model run, canyons are excluded

Surface type	Description	Author (data source)	a1	a2	a3
Canyon	E-W canyon	Yoshida et al. (1990, 1991)	0.71	0.04	-39.7
	N-S canyon	Nunez (1974)	0.32	0.01	-27.7
Vegetation	Mixed forest	McCaughey (1985)	0.11	0.11	-12.3
	Short grass	Doll et al. (1985)	0.32	0.54	-27.4
	Bare soil	Novak (1982)	0.38	0.56	-27.3
	Bare soil (wet)	Fuchs & Hadas (1972)	0.33	0.07	-34.9
	Bare soil (dry)	Fuchs & Hadas (1972)	0.65	0.43	-36.5
	Bare soil	Asaeda & Ca (1993)	0.36	0.27	-42.4
	Water Shallow – Turbid	Souch et al. (1998)	0.50	0.21	-39.1
	Unirrigated grass (Crops)	Grimmond et al. (1993)	0.21	0.11	-16.1
	Short irrigated grass	Grimmond et al. (1993)	0.35	-0.01	-26.3
Roof	Tar and gravel, Vancouver	Yap (1973)	0.17	0.10	-17.0
	Uppsala	Taesler (1980)	0.44	0.57	-28.9
	Membrane and concrete, Kyoto	Yoshida et al. (1990,1991)	0.82	0.34	-55.7
	Average gravel/tar/conc. flat industrial, Vancouver	Meyn (2000)	0.25	0.92	-22.0
	Dry –gravel/tar/conc. flat industrial, Vancouver	Meyn (2000)	0.25	0.70	-22.0
	Wet – gravel/tar/conc. flat industrial, Vancouver	Meyn (2000)	0.25	0.70	-22.0
	Bitumen spread over flat industrial membrane, Vancouver	Meyn (2000)	0.06	0.28	-3.0
	Asphalt shingle on plywood residential roof , Vancouver	Meyn (2000)	0.14	0.33	-6.0
	Star – high albedo asphalt shingle residential roof	Meyn (2000)	0.09	0.18	-1.0
	Star - Ceramic Tile	Meyn (2000)	0.07	0.26	-6.0
	Star - Slate Tile	Meyn (2000)	0.08	0.32	0.0
	Helsinki – Suburban	Järvi et al. (2014)	0.19	0.54	-15.1
	Montreal – Suburban	Järvi et al. (2014)	0.12	0.24	-4.5
	Montreal – Urban	Järvi et al. (2014)	0.26	0.85	-21.4
Impervious	Concrete	Doll et al. (1985)	0.81	0.10	-79.9
	Concrete	Asaeda & Ca (1993)	0.85	0.32	-28.5
	Asphalt	Narita et al. (1984)	0.36	0.23	-19.3
	Asphalt	Asaeda & Ca (1993)	0.64	0.32	-43.6
	Asphalt	Anandakumar (1999)	0.82	0.68	-20.1
	Asphalt (winter)	Anandakumar (1999)	0.72	0.54	-40.2
	Asphalt (summer)	Anandakumar (1999)	0.83	-0.83	-24.6